This week I've been thinking of other words which have come into Italian from English and, as ever, I would like to discuss their pronunciation(s) with you.
One of them is management. According to the Devoto-Oli 2011, the term management was first used in Italian in the 1970s. Its pronunciation? Well, every dictionary I have at home says it is pronounced - or should be pronounced - ˈmɛnedʒment, although I suppose most Italians today pronounce it maˈnadʒmɛnt. Canepàri's Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI) lists more variants, although all of them are front-stressed:ˈmanadʒment, ˈmɛ-, -ne-, -ni-.
What about the term performance? Well, again all my dictionaries say it is pronounced perˈfɔrmans, but I think this is wrong: most Italians nowadays say ˈpɛrforman(t)s. The DiPI has perˈfɔrmans as the standard pronunciation and regards ˈpɛrformans or even pɛrforˈmans as variants which should be avoided by Italian native speakers because they are slipshod speech.
One last word: decoder. All my dictionaries (including the DiPI) say this is deˈkɔder, although I've heard many newsreaders on TV pronounce it deˈkodɛr, which, I suppose, is a rather recent pronunciation.
As you can see from the above, dictionaries in Italy are still very prescriptive, telling you HOW YOU SHOULD PRONOUNCE a word rather than how words ARE REALLY PRONOUNCED by native speakers. This (imho) rather negative approach to language is also evident in the pronunciation dictionary from RAI, Radiotelevisione Italiana, entitled Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'Ortografia e di Pronunzia, or DOP for short. Why is it that words like the ones we've just discussed are not included in it? Is it because they are English words and therefore should not be part of an Italian dictionary? Well, if they are used in Italian, it means they ARE Italian words, too, don't you think?
On Monday 19th July 2010, Professor Wells, on his excellent and fascinating phonetic blog, discussed the use of phonetic symbols in the DOP and also partly criticised its strongly normative nature. You can read what he said here.
On that occasion I joined in the discussion too, as I was really annoyed by the opinions expressed by one of the authors of the DOP, Tommaso Francesco Borri, about the fact that it is NOT a prescriptive pronunciation dictionary - which IT IS! Back then, I also criticised the transcription system which the authors had devised in order to avoid the complicated symbols found in IPA. You can read my comments here.
Mr. Borri's assertion that the DOP is not a prescriptive dictionary can easily be tested. Just look up the words borsa, Borsa (bag; stock exchange) and zucchero (sugar), and check out their pronunciation. The DOP only gives ˈborsa for the former and ˈtsukkero for the latter. But almost every native speaker of Italian is aware of the fact that these are NOT THE ONLY pronunciations which people use in Italy. I don't say ˈborsa for example (which to me sounds very posh or old-fashioned); let alone ˈtsukkero. While these are the traditional pronunciations, many Italians today increasingly prefer ˈbortsa (or ˈbordza?) for borsa, Borsa and ˈdzukkero for zucchero.
In his DiPI, Canepàri only gives ˈborsa, but acknowledges both ˈtsukkero and ˈdzukkero. Indeed, ˈdzukkero is what he prioritizes, stating that this is the pronunciation which is now most common both in Tuscany and in "Received Tuscan".
Other words with a similar alternation and in which ˈdz- or ˈ-dz- are becoming more and more prevalent are: avanzare (to advance), zuppa (soup), zampa (paw), zappa (hoe), zucca (pumpkin), zio (uncle), zitto (silent), zoppo (lame).
For more on the pronunciation(s) of 's' and 'z', read Canepàri's introduction to DiPI, pp.71-76.
One of them is management. According to the Devoto-Oli 2011, the term management was first used in Italian in the 1970s. Its pronunciation? Well, every dictionary I have at home says it is pronounced - or should be pronounced - ˈmɛnedʒment, although I suppose most Italians today pronounce it maˈnadʒmɛnt. Canepàri's Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI) lists more variants, although all of them are front-stressed:ˈmanadʒment, ˈmɛ-, -ne-, -ni-.
What about the term performance? Well, again all my dictionaries say it is pronounced perˈfɔrmans, but I think this is wrong: most Italians nowadays say ˈpɛrforman(t)s. The DiPI has perˈfɔrmans as the standard pronunciation and regards ˈpɛrformans or even pɛrforˈmans as variants which should be avoided by Italian native speakers because they are slipshod speech.
One last word: decoder. All my dictionaries (including the DiPI) say this is deˈkɔder, although I've heard many newsreaders on TV pronounce it deˈkodɛr, which, I suppose, is a rather recent pronunciation.
As you can see from the above, dictionaries in Italy are still very prescriptive, telling you HOW YOU SHOULD PRONOUNCE a word rather than how words ARE REALLY PRONOUNCED by native speakers. This (imho) rather negative approach to language is also evident in the pronunciation dictionary from RAI, Radiotelevisione Italiana, entitled Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'Ortografia e di Pronunzia, or DOP for short. Why is it that words like the ones we've just discussed are not included in it? Is it because they are English words and therefore should not be part of an Italian dictionary? Well, if they are used in Italian, it means they ARE Italian words, too, don't you think?
On Monday 19th July 2010, Professor Wells, on his excellent and fascinating phonetic blog, discussed the use of phonetic symbols in the DOP and also partly criticised its strongly normative nature. You can read what he said here.
On that occasion I joined in the discussion too, as I was really annoyed by the opinions expressed by one of the authors of the DOP, Tommaso Francesco Borri, about the fact that it is NOT a prescriptive pronunciation dictionary - which IT IS! Back then, I also criticised the transcription system which the authors had devised in order to avoid the complicated symbols found in IPA. You can read my comments here.
Mr. Borri's assertion that the DOP is not a prescriptive dictionary can easily be tested. Just look up the words borsa, Borsa (bag; stock exchange) and zucchero (sugar), and check out their pronunciation. The DOP only gives ˈborsa for the former and ˈtsukkero for the latter. But almost every native speaker of Italian is aware of the fact that these are NOT THE ONLY pronunciations which people use in Italy. I don't say ˈborsa for example (which to me sounds very posh or old-fashioned); let alone ˈtsukkero. While these are the traditional pronunciations, many Italians today increasingly prefer ˈbortsa (or ˈbordza?) for borsa, Borsa and ˈdzukkero for zucchero.
In his DiPI, Canepàri only gives ˈborsa, but acknowledges both ˈtsukkero and ˈdzukkero. Indeed, ˈdzukkero is what he prioritizes, stating that this is the pronunciation which is now most common both in Tuscany and in "Received Tuscan".
Other words with a similar alternation and in which ˈdz- or ˈ-dz- are becoming more and more prevalent are: avanzare (to advance), zuppa (soup), zampa (paw), zappa (hoe), zucca (pumpkin), zio (uncle), zitto (silent), zoppo (lame).
For more on the pronunciation(s) of 's' and 'z', read Canepàri's introduction to DiPI, pp.71-76.
...as you wrote.......Canepari gives only one way to say "borsa"...
ReplyDelete:-)
Byeeeeeeeeee
Max
Yes, but this does NOT mean he is completely right!
ReplyDeleteHi Alex, here I am again!
ReplyDeleteYou know, my opinion on Italian words' pronunciation is that you have to follow rules. :)
So, a part from few exceptions (for which two different pronunciations are acceptable), the way to pronounce a word is just one. And nowadays you can even find it easily on the net (eg: the Dictionary you wrote in your post, the “Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'Ortografia e di Pronunzia” on the RAI web site).
So, for “borsa”, I usually say “’borsa” but when I speak with friends, in Roman and NOT in Italian :), I also use “ ’bortsa” (never “ ‘bordza” … who says “ ‘bordza” is considered uneducated in Rome).
Of course, Italian language is always changing (like every language indeed) and sometimes some new pronunciations are allowed.
This is the case of “zucchero”. The correct pronunciation is “ ’tsukkero” but today is also accepted the new “ ’dzukkero”.
About the other words, here how I say, not taking care of the rules: “ avanzare(to advance) with –ts- (never heard with –dz- !!!); zuppa (soup) with –dz- ; zampa (paw) with –dz-, zappa (hoe) with –ts-, zucca (pumpkin) … I use both –ts- and –dz-, it depends on the rest of the sentence ( I think… I hope… it’s one of those words with a double form), zio(uncle) –ts- (but sometimes with –dz-), zitto(silent) with –dz-; zoppo(lame) … again depending … on the weather :)
Before telling you good bye… here a a couple of Italian diction courses in internet (http://xoomer.virgilio.it/dizione/ and http://www.attori.com/dizione/Diz00.htm) you can find Italian pronunciation rules in. Hope this can be helpful for your aim!
Now.. .bye!
My readers may want to have a look at the updated online version of the DiPI with emendations and additions:
ReplyDeletehttp://venus.unive.it/canipa/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=en:pdf#dizionario_di_pronuncia_italiana
Ed ecco qua il mio ultimo (?) commento!Per cominciare, la mia pronuncia italiana della parola "management" è solitamente maˈnadʒmɛnt mentre "performance" e "decoder" sono rispettivamente ˈpɛrformans e deˈkodɛr ."Borsa" e "zucchero" sono invece ˈborsa e ˈdzukkero , in quanto conservo in parte l'accento pugliese, garganico per la precisione, che addolcisce ogni "s" e "z".
ReplyDeleteLa pronuncia ˈbortsa ("borza") si trova solo nel centro/sud, e qualunque parlante del nord o anche della toscana la considera dialettale. Obiettivamente, quel ts non è né corretto, né possiede valore fonologico. E il motivo è presto detto: in italiano, il grafema <s>, quando non è seguito da <c> + vocale, può avere soltanto due valori, cioè /s/ e /z/. Introdurre un'eccezione per la parola "borsa" non è opportuno, né se ne vede la necessità: non solo, ma la [ts] nella pronuncia [ˈbortsa] altro non è che allofono del fonema /s/ in quel particolare contesto fonologico nei dialetti centro/meridionali considerati, che si sente infatti anche in parole come "orso" o "insalata". I dialetti italiani sono pieni di allofoni di questo genere; basti pensare alla /s/ che diventa [ʃ] davanti a /k/ e certe altre consonanti nella pronunzia napoletana. Questo non significa che queste variazioni siano accettabili da chi cerca una pronunzia senza spiccate caratteristiche regionali, né a maggior ragione che possano avere valore fonologico oltre che fonetico. D'accordo invece per zucchero.
ReplyDeleteCaro anonimo, questo mio post può farLe capire meglio cosa intendo per "/t/-epenthesis":
Deletehttp://cup.linguistlist.org/academic-books/epentthesis-in-standard-italian-pronunciation-sip/
PS: Mi piacerebbe sapere a chi sto scrivendo.
Capisco, ma su questo punto mi trovo più d'accordo con Canepari (anche se non sono d'accordo con lui su molte altre cose). In molti accenti regionali vi sono casi di epentesi (mi ricordo il "pissicologico" di una mia insegnante, meridionale, di liceo, tanti anni fa), ma quanti/quali sono ritenuti accettabili da una maggioranza di "native speakers"? Al di là di questo, non penso che la discussione possa avere luogo sul piano fonologico, ma solo su quello fonetico. Un dizionario di pronunzia italiana, pertanto, potrà avere per "borsa" e parole simili soltanto la trascrizione /ˈborsa/, trattando l'inserimento epentetico della [t] come semplice variazione allofonica, cioè una fricativa /s/ che diventa affricata [ʦ] in quel contesto fonologico, simile al fenomeno della stessa fricativa alveolare /s/ che diventa postalveolare [ʃ] in parte del sud davanti a /k/, oppure, come succede a Roma e gran parte del sud, la geminazione di /b/ e /d͡ʒ/ intervocaliche. Sarà quindi da intendersi che, negli opportuni contesti fonologici, possono verificarsi questi fenomeni; ma non può essere accettabile una trascrizione fonematica dove <rs> è reso come /rʦ/, non foss'altro che l'italiano non è l'inglese e quindi per fortuna esiste ancora una certa corrispondenza tra grafemi e fonemi, e quindi <s> non può corrispondere al fonema /ʦ/. D'altra parte nemmeno i dizionari inglesi trattano l'analoga epentesi a livello fonemico, evitando quindi trascrizioni come /ˈfɛnts/ per "fence", a parte Merriam-Webster che però non usa l'IPA, e il cui sistema di trascrizione è derivato da quello (ormai superato) dell'Unabridged 1961 che era più fonetico che non fonemico. Inoltre, a differenza dell'italiano, in inglese non esiste /ʦ/ come fonema a sé stante, ma solo sequenze di /t/ e /s/ tanto in "antsy" e "cents" quanto in "pizza" e "schizophrenia" . Se la t epentetica sia accettabile o meno a livello di dizione è un altro discorso; ammetto che sicuramente si nota molto meno una [ˈborʦa] di una [ˈʃkaːtola] o di un [ˈmɔbːile], ma per molti northern speakers tutti e tre sono difficili da digerire in egual misura.
ReplyDeleteAlberto, Bologna
Caro Alberto, grazie per le tue osservazioni. Ti faccio notare però che ciò che dici sui dizionari d'inglese in commercio non è del tutto vero. Infatti, sia il "Longman Pronunciation Dictionary" (LPD) di John Wells che il "Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary" (CEPD) di Roach et al., in maniera diversa, trattano l'epentesi pur fornendo trascrizioni per la maggior parte fonemiche. L'LPD3, a p.567, ha anche un intero pannello dedicato agli 'optional sounds'.
Delete