Epen[t]thesis in Standard Italian Pronunciation

(For some reason blogspot didn't let me use my usual font, Segoe UI, but I hope you'll be able to read my article all the same.)

In my post of the 19th November 2011, we discussed the issue of the non-existence in Italy of a phonetics textbook which presents “an objective account of what native speakers of (“standard”) Italian really say”. Towards the end of the article we also mentioned in passing the possibility in current Italian pronunciation of t͜s instead of plain s after the consonants n, r and l (what we didn’t say then was that this epenthetic t is to be found not only word internally but also across word boundaries and that it is considered by Italian linguists and phoneticians to be a feature of regional accents rather than a characteristic of the standard variety):

“And what’s wrong with ts instead of traditional s [after] n, r, l? After all, epenthetic t has now become increasingly widespread among native speakers and can frequently also be heard on all television channels. Why is, for instance, ˈpɛntso (penso, ‘I think’) not acceptable? Is it again because of clarity?”

I want to show you a video of the morning television programme UnoMattina Caffè (very similar to BBC Breakfast in the UK), broadcast by RAI from Monday to Friday and presented by university lecturer and TV author Guido Barlozzetti. The clip only lasts 3 minutes and features my brother, Sirio Rotatori, publicizing the recent Christmas events organized by him in Tarquinia. Both my brother and Mr Barlozzetti can be said to speak a variety of Italian which I would regard as standard and they can both be heard to use epenthetic t in the environments we described above:

Guido Barlozzetti

persegue (‘it pursues’; at about 0:03), perˈtseɡwe

insomma (‘if you like’; at about 0:15), inˈtsomma

transito (‘passing of time’; at about 0:16), ˈtrantsito

(a velocità) non sostenuta (‘at slow speed’; at about 0:28), ˌnɔntsosteˈnuta

consentono (‘they allow’; at about 1:01), konˈtsɛntono

attraverso (‘through’; at about 1:52), attraˈvɛrtso

il sei gennaio (‘the 6th January’; at about 2:12), ilˌtsɛi dʒenˈnajo

Sirio Rotatori

considerando (‘considering’; at about 1:19), kontsideˈrando

persone (‘people, persons’; at about 1:31), perˈtsone (but he pronounces it without epenthesis at about 2:04)

conoscersi (‘to get to know each other’; at about 2:05), koˈnoʃʃertsi

insieme (‘together’; at 2:06 and 2:08), inˈtsjɛme

il sei gennaio (‘the 6th January’; at about 2:13), ilˌtsɛi dʒenˈnajo (cf. Guido Barlozzetti’s pronunciation of this phrase).

The phenomenon of t epenthesis just illustrated is so widespread that even Prime Minister Mario Monti and President Giorgio Napolitano can sometimes also be heard to use it in their political speeches. So why do Italian pronunciation dictionaries and phonetics books either keep shtum or still regard this as a reprehensible regionalism?   

I wonder.

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Next post: 4 February.

Phonetic inaccuracies in the Hazon Garzanti Dictionary of English

On 20th November 2010 we discussed the phonetic transcriptions of some rather common headwords/suffixes offered in the 2010 Hazon Garzanti Dictionary of English, a dictionary widely used by both students and teachers of EFL throughout Italy. Back then we noted that “most of the pronunciations the authors provide for English are either old-fashioned or not the established ones at the moment”. I therefore concluded my post by pointing out that

 

“[...] using the 2010 Hazon Garzanti Dictionary for checking how words are really pronounced in English today is NOT a good idea. Italian students of EFL may risk sounding fairly old-fashioned (especially the younger generation) and are therefore strongly advised to use LPD 3 or CPD or ODP for checking pronunciations, and Hazon Garzanti (or indeed any other good monolingual/bilingual dictionary) for the meanings of words”.

In this week’s post I’d like to call attention not to the transcriptions contained in the dictionary but to the phonetic descriptions of vowels and consonants furnished in its introduction. 

On page XVII we find three tables showing the phonetic symbols used in the dictionary for the vowels, consonants, and diphthongs of English. These are accompanied by example words in both Italian and English, and are sometimes followed by a brief description in Italian of the way the sounds listed should be articulated.

Here are the vowels (click on the picture to enlarge it):

As you can see, the sound ɪ is inadequately defined as “«i» molto breve” (‘a very short i’); æ is incorrectly described (at least for British English) as a “suono aperto tra la «a» e la «e»” (‘an open sound between a and e’); ɑː is an “«a» molto allungata” (‘a very long a’) whereas ʌ is an “«a» molto breve” (‘a very short a’). 

Even more shocking is the suggestion on the part of the authors that the English vowel ɜː is like the vowel sound in the French word heure, œʁ, which is a front rounded vowel similar to a lip-rounded ɛ, and that the schwa is an “«a» quasi muta” (‘a nearly mute a’)!

As far as the diphthongs are concerned, notice, for instance, that English aʊ is exemplified by the vowel sound in the Italian word ciao, tʃao: this is a very infelicitous choice. I suppose it would have been more acceptable if the authors had added a note specifying that Italians, in extremely “intimate” or colloquial situations, can pronounce the second part of the diphthong in ciao with excessively rounded lips, thus producing something more like aʊ. But I admit that this would probably have been virtually incomprehensible to most readers of the dictionary.

And what are we to make of ʊə, likened to “it. tua – con la «a» quasi muta”?

Finally, the consonants: 

English ɹ is exemplified by the Italian word riva (‘shore, bank’), in which the r is a trill, not a postalveolar approximant (or retroflex in the case of many types of American English); for English z, the authors provide the Italian reso (‘rendered; given back, returned’), which Italians can pronounce with both z and s; for ŋ, the French term cinq (‘five’), sɛ̃c, is given, where a word like banca (‘bank’), ˈbaŋka, for example, would have been more appropriate. For ʒ, they provide another French word, George, when in fact it would have been more suitable if they had suggested a word like giorno (‘day’) and added the note “pronounced the Tuscan way”, that is ˈʒoɾno. And what can we say of θ and ð, described respectively as “«th» sonoro” (‘voiced th’) and “«th» sordo” (‘voiceless th’)? 

The Hazon Garzanti Dictionary of English is published by Garzanti Linguistica. This is how they describe themselves on their website:

“Garzanti Linguistica is a leading publisher of dictionaries.

Top-quality contents, scholarly precision and an innovative approach have made Garzanti Linguistica one of the most prestigious names in the dictionary field.

The Garzanti publishing company first became involved in languages in the 1960s with the publication of its highly-acclaimed large-size dictionaries: the Italian Dictionary and the Hazon English-Italian Dictionary. These works [...] brought together the publishing and communication skills of the compilers and the teaching experience of writers and experts from various fields.

This unique combination ensured excellent quality levels for the contents, making Garzanti Linguistica one of the most authoritative points of reference for students, professional people and anyone simply wanting to improve their knowledge of languages.

Since those early days, the number of Garzanti Linguistica dictionaries has greatly increased, with the addition of other languages (French, German, Spanish) and other sizes and versions (medium-sized, pocket-sized and elementary) to meet all user needs.

Continual changes and developments in the languages have led to the dictionaries being constantly revised and updated to ensure the ongoing quality of the works, and to allow them to become true records of living language.” 

I’m speechless with shock!

An informal pronunciation survey

I recently took a quick straw poll among my Facebook friends to see what pronunciations they prefer of some of the Italian words and phrases I have been discussing on my blog. Unfortunately, only 8 people took the trouble to answer my questionnaire – which is a bit sad, I think. Of all the Italian native-speaker teachers I know, only one cared to answer, and of all the students I’ve taught, only one responded in a very enthusiastic way. Thank you all, anyway!

However tiny my sample of respondents might be, I suppose it’s always interesting to analyse what their answers were and speculate on Italian pronunciation trends. So here are my findings (I leave you to judge them in the light of what we’ve been covering so far on this blog):

zoo: 5 out of 8 people said they pronounce this word as dzɔ; 3 went for dzɔo

stage: 5 of my respondents said they pronounce it staʒ; 3, on the contrary, went for steidʒ

report: all my 8 Facebook friends pronounce it with stress on the first syllable: ˈrɛport, -pɔrt (I didn’t ask whether they use an open or a more close vowel in the second syllable.)

management: 4 people said they stress the first syllable, 3 the second – 1 person didn’t answer

performance: 5 respondents went for ˈpɛr-, 3 preferred -ˈfɔr-

decoder: 6 people pronounced it with an open ɔ vowel; only 2 said they prefer the closer variant with o  

internet/Internet: 7 people said they pronounce it with stress on the first syllable; 1 person didn’t answer

the letter ‘j’: 5 people pronounced it dʒɛi; 3 didn’t answer

all(-)inclusive: 3 said they pronounce it with stress on the second syllable of inclusive; 5 with main stress on in-

Of course, as I said, this is just an extremely informal survey which has very little in the way of “scientific validity”, but it does confirm one thing: in Italy people are not particularly interested in phonetic matters! I wish things were different!

Happy New Year!

Horsmonden nativity play

Apparently, Tarquinia is not the only town to stage a nativity play (see last week’s blog). According to this BBC article, “[a] nativity play with a difference has taken place on a village green” in Horsmonden, Kent: “[t]he production (...), which is held every Christmas, recreated the stable scene with three kings arriving accompanied by a camel”. (Very similar to what we’re going to see here in Tarquinia in the next few days, except that we’ve got three camels coming this year, not just one!)

This article in particular made me think about the pronunciation(s) of place names in English. As you know, names of people and places can sometimes have very unexpected pronunciations. For instance, how do you pronounce Horsmonden? Both LPD3 (p.387) and CEPD (18^th edition; p.238) have ˌhɔːzmənˈden for BrE, although the latter also notes

“old-fashioned local pronunciation: ˌhɔː.s^ən-“.

And what about Derby(shire), which also features in the text? Here BrE and AmE vary somewhat, with GA usually tending to reflect the orthography more closely: thus BrE ˈdɑːbi, GA ˈdɜ˞ːbi. The CEPD (18^th edition; p.134) also comments in one of its usage boxes:

“Note: American pronunciation sometimes uses US ˈdɑːr- for British references”.

A frequent question I get from my students is the correct stressing in the name Manchester. Does the stress always fall on the first syllable? Is it right to say Manˈchester, as some Italians pronounce it? All the pronouncing dictionaries I have show this word with initial stress, although in LPD3 (p.486) we also find it with secondary stress on the second syllable: ˈmænˌtʃestə. I suppose one of the reasons some EFL students think Manchester has main stress on the -chest- syllable is because they sometimes hear native speakers pronounce it with a full vowel e – or ɛ if you like – instead of (the perhaps more usual) ɪ or ə. A syllable with a full vowel tends to be clearer and thus may be perceived as strongly stressed by some non-native speakers. Obviously, much also depends on the rhythm of the utterance in which the name is contained. 

Those of you interested in this topic might like to know that the new edition of the CEPD now includes a glossary of terms used in phonetics and phonology. Among them, there’s a section (p.570) entitled “names of people and places”. In it, you can find some useful information concerning difficult pronunciations of proper names and towns/cities, including notes on tendencies within BrE and AmE. 

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Happy Christmas, everyone!

krɪsməs ɪm maɪ taʊn

krɪsməs ɪz kʌmɪŋ ʌp suːn ən tɑːkwɪniə, ðə taʊn aɪ lɪv ɪn ɪn ɪtəli, ɪz ɡetɪŋ redi əɡen fə ðə seləbreɪʃn̩ əv ðə kʌmɪŋ əv kraɪst. ðɪʃ jɪər ɒm bɒksɪŋ deɪ, əbaʊʔ fɔː hʌndrəd pəfɔːməz drest ɪm pɪərɪəd kɒʃtʃuːm wl̩ pəreɪd θru ðə kɒbl̩stəʊn striːts əv taʊn tə riːɪnækt ðə mərækjələs ɪvent.

tɑːkwɪniər ɪz əbaʊt tə bi træntsfɔːmd ɪntu ə fɜːs-sentʃəri-eɪ diː siːn əv lɪtl̩ beθlɪhem, wɪð wʊdm̩ bentʃɪz, strɔː, wʊdŋ̩ kærɪdʒɪz, əʊpən-eə mɑːkɪts əv ɡʊdz ən laɪvstɒk, æntiːks ʃɒps ənd ɔːl ðə trədɪʃnəl əkuːtrəmənts əv ə taɪm pɑːst.

ɒn ðə sɪkθ əv dʒænjuəri, ðen, sɪtɪzənz drest əz ðə meɪdʒaɪ, əkʌmpənid baɪ rɪəl kæml̩z, wl̩ wɔːk θru ðə striːts əv taʊn, ɪventʃuəli əraɪvɪŋ əʔ ðə meɪndʒə weə ðə beɪbi dʒiːzəs (ə tʃaɪld ɪn ðə fleʃ!) leɪz ɪn swɒdlɪŋ kləʊðz.

ɪf ju wɒnt tə nəʊ mɔːr əbaʊʔ ðə tɑːkwɪniə laɪv krɪb, ju kən vɪzɪt ðɪs websaɪt. hɪə jul faɪnd ə lɒt əv pɪktʃəz ən tuː ɪksaɪtɪŋ vɪdiəʊz əv ðə pɑːs krɪsməs ɪvents ɔːɡənaɪzd baɪ maɪ brʌðər ɪn ɑː fæsəneɪtɪŋ ɪtrʌskən taʊn.

ɡʊd lʌk, sɪriəʊ (=Sirio)!

(fə ðəʊz əv ju ɪntrəstɪd ɪm biːʔbɒksɪŋ, hɪəz ə naɪs vɪdiəʊ klɪp tə wɒtʃ. ɪts veri fʌni bət ɔːlsəʊ fənetɪkli ɪkstriːmli ɪntrəstɪŋ!)